Strong claims deserve strong evidence. A laboratory mechanism can justify a research question, but it cannot prove a meaningful benefit in people.
A useful evidence ladder
Look separately at mechanism, animal studies, early human studies, controlled trials, replication, and real-world safety. Ask whether the studied compound, formulation, population, and outcome match the claim you are evaluating.
Red flags
Be cautious when a claim depends on testimonials alone, treats “clinically studied” as “clinically proven,” hides the actual study, or assumes that purity paperwork proves safety or effectiveness.